Research Paper Topics For The Sun Also Rises

<h1>Research Paper Topics For The Sun Also Rises</h1><p>As an understudy hoping to pick inquire about paper themes for the sun additionally rises, the primary thing you need to do is choose what your target will be. What are you attempting to achieve? What questions do you wish to answer?</p><p></p><p>The first thing you should do is figure out what kind of sun rising you will use in your paper. For instance, numerous understudies will utilize the new planetary arrangement wonder which concurs with the ascending of the sun every day. Be that as it may, you can likewise pick an assortment of different sorts of marvels, for example, the Earth's attractive field that will correspond with this wonder as well.</p><p></p><p>Once you've figured out what subject you wish to expound on, there are various things you have to consider. Above all else, you should pick a subject that integrates the entirety of your points. In case y ou're just doing one, for instance, planetary arrangement, this is the topic you'll need to stay with. In case you're doing at least two, you'll need to guarantee that these tie into one another.</p><p></p><p>Next, you should likewise consider whether to incorporate an extra point that identifies with that first theme. On the off chance that you were taking a gander at earthbound components and attractive field for the sun likewise rises, you should incorporate a theme about total inverses. This will integrate everything so you can utilize it as an intelligent link.</p><p></p><p>If you would like to accept the open door to make changes to your unique thought, that is alright. Simply ensure you maintain the attention on your general target and don't roll out any improvements until you are content with the last product.</p><p></p><p>Finally, you'll need to pick an approach to introduce the data you've assembled. R egularly, you'll need to utilize a solitary table or diagram to sum up the entirety of your data. Now and again, be that as it may, it might be ideal to split the data up into a few pieces. For instance, you may find that you have to examine every angle independently before arriving at the resolution you need to get across.</p><p></p><p>Remember, you ought to consistently consider your theme before you start composing. Remember the theme when you compose and during your corrections. This will guarantee that you compose your exploration paper subjects for the sun additionally ascends in a systematic way that passes on your message clearly.</p>

The Top Secret Truth on Using Nigger in a College App Essay Revealed

The Top Secret Truth on Using Nigger in a College App Essay Revealed Lies You've Been Told About Using Nigger in a College App Essay There's more than 1 way to compose an excellent introductory paragraph. This argument takes the shape of a 650-750 word article, and you'll be. Answer your own questions regarding why this component of the story is critical. Life, Death and Using Nigger in a College App Essay This might also be true if you're writing the preface or acknowledgements for your dissertation, because these sections have a more personal voice than the remainder of the document. Write the composition, employing the variety of words you're told (about 225 words) and taking into consideration the three. The structure of essay-style assignments is extremely open but generally comprises an. The thesis is a rather significant part your essay. When you compose an essay the majority of the time that you will need to include resources. Superior essays will nonetheless shou ld meet important criteria that you've probably. The term essay started to be utilized in 1588 when Michel de Montaigne. Too many essays utilize the exact same tired themes. Understanding Using Nigger in a College App Essay Our managers are almost always prepared to supply you with all the mentioned details, which means you won't need to worry that the last price will exceed your financial plan or your writer will really be a foreign student. What's more, it is possible to also get your money back if needed. Any moment you would like tomake orderor have some questions, get in touch with our support group and they'll contact your request at the same time! Now you've evaluated your writing and made the crucial revisions, it is the right time to check for grammar. A huge vocabulary is just impressive when it. Vocabulary and spelling collection. Using Nigger in a College App Essay Fundamentals Explained This doesn't mean that racism doesn't exist. You're saying it does not make any difference if aspects of the culture are sacred or important to the individuals who are a portion of that culture. The reality is that it's not possible to complete everypaperequally well, and that means you must determine what things to delay and which to concentrate on. At both extremes, as in life, there's sure to be some lousy language on the way. For example, if you state that something will obviouslyhappen, you are in reality indicating that you believe the occurrence is obvious not stating a truth. They may likewise not be accurate you're making a substantial claim when you say something is ideal or never happens. For some, it's simple, and for others it requires a little more effort. The issue is that the background noise they normally choose is too distracting. Analyze the present laws. What Using Nigger in a College App Essay Is - and What it Is Not To summarize, I think that a well educated doctor without a very good character. You can be my friend if you attempt to comprehend. The Using Nigger in a College App Essay Cover Up Racism does not need you to call me a nigger. Someone else's words, you must take special services to integrate this sort of. Some words shouldn't be used since they do not own a scholarly feel. Taking the precise words via an original source is called quoting. The New Fuss About Using Nigger in a College App Essay Group discussion on the way the book is making everyone feel at this time. As stated by the publisher, the point was supposed to remove the offensive word, which may have led readers to get around the book, and help it become more accessible. It functions as a guide to the remainder of your paper. Instead of spending time in the front of the computer typing, particularly if you aren't a quick typer, this app makes it quite easy to finish your essay. In that case, this is a fantastic app for you. 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Least ost solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Least ost arrangement - Essay Example Investigation of the Supply Chain Project shows that move focuses isn't essential or supported. The major financial factor which impacts the impact of separation on rates is the component of cost. In transportation, certain expenses are caused regardless of the real development per se.Products conveyed by Canbide are named generally safe items. Transporters are required to give associations and build sidings to conveyance of carload shipments to private sidings and to give group tracks for stacking and emptying. Exchanging administration for these tracks must be given on a sensible premise. As an issue of training, railways frequently compose auxiliary exchanging and terminal organizations, regularly on a joint premise, to play out these administrations. Since the firm is little and frequently firmly held, it isn't astonishing that the association of the engine transporter is the commonly straightforward line type with a progression of power from the proprietor descending through the association. The adaptability of the trucks additionally represents another significant favorable position, speed. While there is next to zero distinction in the total speed capability of surface vehicles (i.e., the miles every hour limit of trucks and trains are about the equivalent), the engine truck for the most part furnishes the shipper with better help in respect than slipped by time (travel time), which is a definitive proportion of time for the shipper. Transportation administration, in the same way as other different administrations or items, is some of the time delivered under states of regular expense;

The Election of 1824 The Corrupt Bargain

The presidential election of 1824, which involved three major figures in American history, was decided in the House of Representatives. One man won, one helped him win, and one stormed out of Washington, D.C., denouncing the affair as â€Å"the corrupt bargain.† Until the disputed election of 2000, this was the most controversial election in American history. Background In the 1820s, the United States was in a relatively settled period. The War of 1812 was fading into memory and the Missouri Compromise in 1821 had put the contentious issue of slavery aside, where it would essentially remain until the 1850s. A pattern of two-term presidents had developed in the early 1800s: Thomas Jefferson: elected in 1800 and 1804James Madison: elected in 1808 and 1812James Monroe: elected in 1816 and 1820 As Monroe’s second term reached its final year, several major candidates were intent on running in 1824. Candidates John Quincy Adams: The son of the second president had served as secretary of state in the James Monroe administration since 1817. Being secretary of state was considered one obvious path to the presidency, as Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe had all previously held the position. Adams, by his own admission, was considered to have an unexciting personality, but his long career of public service made him well qualified to be chief executive. John Quincy Adams. Hulton Archive / Getty Images Andrew Jackson: Following his victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, Gen. Jackson became a larger-than-life American hero. He was elected as a senator from Tennessee in 1823 and immediately began positioning himself to run for president. The main concerns people had about Jackson were that he was self-educated and possessed a fiery temperament. He had killed men in duels  and had been wounded by gunfire in various confrontations. Andrew Jackson. Stock Montage / Getty Images Henry Clay: As speaker of the House, Clay was a dominating political figure. He had pushed the Missouri Compromise through Congress, and that landmark legislation had, at least for a time, settled the issue of slavery. Clay had an advantage if several candidates ran and none of them received a majority of votes from the electoral college. That would put the decision in the House of Representatives, where Clay wielded great power. An election decided in the House would be unlikely in the modern era. But Americans in the 1820s didnt consider it outlandish, as it had happened recently: The election of 1800, which was won by Jefferson, had been decided in the House of Representatives. Henry Clay. Stock Montage / Getty Images William H. Crawford:  Though mostly forgotten today, Georgias Crawford was a powerful political figure, having served as a senator and secretary of the treasury under Madison. He was considered a strong candidate for president but had suffered a stroke in 1823 that rendered him partially paralyzed and unable to speak. Despite that, some politicians still supported his candidacy. Election Day In that era, candidates didnt campaign for themselves. Campaigning was left to managers and surrogates, and throughout the year various partisans spoke and wrote in favor of the candidates. When the votes were tallied from across the nation, Jackson had won a plurality of the popular as well as the electoral vote. In the electoral college tabulations, Adams came in second, Crawford was third, and Clay was fourth. While Jackson won the popular vote that was counted, some states at that time picked electors in the state legislature and didnt tally a popular vote for president. Nobody Won The U.S. Constitution dictates that a candidate needs to win a majority in the Electoral College, and no one met that standard. The election, therefore, had to be decided by the House of Representatives. The man who had a huge advantage in that venue, House speaker Clay, was automatically eliminated. The Constitution said only the top three candidates could be considered. Clay Supported Adams In early January 1824, Adams had invited Clay to visit him at his residence, and the two men spoke for several hours. It is unknown whether they reached some sort of deal, but suspicions were widespread. On Feb. 9, 1825, the House held its election, in which each state delegation got one vote. Clay had made it known that he supported Adams and thanks to his influence, Adams won the vote and was elected president. The Corrupt Bargain Jackson, already famous for his temper, was furious. When Adams named Clay as his secretary of state, Jackson denounced the election as the corrupt bargain. Many assumed Clay had sold his influence to Adams so he could be secretary of state and increase his chance of being president someday. Jackson was so angry about what he considered Washington manipulations that he resigned his Senate seat, returned to Tennessee, and began planning the campaign that would make him president four years later. The 1828 campaign between Jackson and Adams was perhaps the dirtiest campaign ever, with wild accusations thrown about by each side. Jackson was elected. He would serve two terms as president and begin the era of strong political parties in America. As for Adams, after losing to Jackson in 1828, he retired briefly to Massachusetts before running successfully for the House of Representatives in 1830. He served 17 years in Congress, becoming a strong advocate against slavery. Adams always said being a congressman was more gratifying than being president. He died in the U.S. Capitol, having suffered a stroke in the building in February 1848. Clay ran for president again, losing to Jackson in 1832 and to James Knox Polk in 1844. While he never gained the nations highest office, he remained a major figure in national politics until his death in 1852.

One Easy Tip About Ielts Essay Samples Band 7 Pdf Uncovered

<h1> One Easy Tip About Ielts Essay Samples Band 7 Pdf Uncovered </h1> <p>In expansion, the author has a tendency to be dull. He incorporates foundation data and models. Regardless of whether you accept you're a terrible author today, you can figure out how to take your straightforward article and change it into something significantly increasingly powerful. Get an entry of content and begin reciting it for all to hear. </p> <p>By utilizing various strategies of page turn you may likewise support your eBook experience. Sadly there was no bank card encased in the envelope once I opened it. Utilizing a ton of new words you don't see how to utilize appropriately could exacerbate your composition, so be careful! </p> <h2> Ielts Essay Samples Band 7 Pdf</h2> <p>Some individuals today contend that it's crucial for monetary benefit, while some case that it harms neighborhood businesses. For instance, there would be a lot more workers during gathering time in the open country, or gifted or educated people would help with the structure work in progressively smaller districts, prodding the expansion of the local territory notwithstanding the country in general. Rich people have additional money and therefore, they should give some assist with peopling without a lodging and cash. A few people feel that we should utilize conventional ways to deal with address our issues, others state th at we have to utilize current procedures. </p> <p>You additionally must have an exceptionally clear situation all through. Look at whether you're ready to turn the page with some bolt keys or snap a specific bit of the presentation, beside using the mouse to manage everything. The occasion is very obscure there isn't any reference to a specific train station or how rich people could offer cash to poor people. 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Your paragraphing is outstanding. </p> <p>The opening section has the entirety of the critical insights regarding the chart yet itparaphrasesthe question. To manage all regions of the activity, you should react to everything that is asked in the inquiry. All in all, deal with your time so you can design a perfectly clear diagram, your significant proposals and utilize a collection of language and exact structures to accumulate a compact contention that completely responds to the inquiry. And, after its all said and done, give pertinent answers and forestall babbling about all that it is conceivable to consider. </p> <p>Our language is a piece of ourcultural character, and without it individuals may really feel a sentiment of misfortune. Subsequently, it's stated, wed for cash is directly in a point. To many individuals, it's fitting to wed for cash rather than affection. In this way, for many individuals, it might seem proper to wed for cash rather than affection. </p> <h2> Top Ielts Essay Samples Band 7 Pdf Secrets</h2> <p>You will require a wide assortment and blend of these for an IELTS band 7, and you'll need to be fit for utilizing them successfully with some adaptability instead of precisely. Finding an IELTS band 7 recorded as a hard copy is very hard for some understudies, and many don't comprehend what the analyst is scanning for. Would you like to realize how to support your ielts band score. At the point when you're reviewed, you will be given a score to all of these, and this will at that point be arrived at the midpoint of. </p>

Research Paper Topics About Energy and Ecology

<h1>Research Paper Topics About Energy and Ecology</h1><p>Research paper subjects about vitality and biology can assist you with making a strong establishment for your next research venture. You should realize that examination papers are an astounding method to introduce the consequences of your own investigations, which will profit different understudies and established researchers on the loose. In any case, note that papers ought to be finished on time to abstain from losing focuses and to guarantee that you are delivering the most suitable data in the most fitting configuration. On the off chance that you wind up lacking on any of these territories, you might need to consider utilizing an examination guide.</p><p></p><p>Explore Questions: Have you found another feature of the subject you are looking into? So as to be effective in an examination paper subject about vitality and biology, you should consider how you will investigate these new revelations. One alternative is to utilize contextual investigations to portray the revelations. Different analysts may have just utilized this strategy and it might be a smart thought to exploit their ability. Another choice is to take a gander at a newfound ecological impact and attempt to comprehend it utilizing existing models.</p><p></p><p>Explore Solutions: Since you are exploring how to better the earth, it is imperative to ensure that you are giving plans to make change. This may mean uniting individuals who are taking a shot at the issue and talking about choices and approaches. You can take a gander at ways that your own examination would be better than that offered by others. Numerous elements must be considered so as to make a reasonable society and to create clean vitality. Likewise with any exploration, you ought to know about the dangers in question so the discoveries of your paper are not liable to criticism.</p><p></p><p >Do Your Homework: Another prerequisite of research paper points about vitality and environment is that you guarantee that you are drawing in with data that has been recently distributed. This implies you should peruse however much as could reasonably be expected. You can discover this errand very simple on the off chance that you have a decent reference book or library that monitors past distributions. This permits you to delve further into issues that have been raised by others.</p><p></p><p>Use Technical Terms: The best research paper points about vitality and environment must incorporate specialized terms that are generally utilized in the subject. The examination paper subject will possibly pick up its full worth in the event that it incorporates various and cutting-edge phrasing. On the off chance that you do exclude the best possible phrasing, the peruser will get lost and the possibility of the examination paper subject will lose its significance. Therefore, it is essential to furnish the peruser with a rundown of language utilized in the subject.</p><p></p><p>Stay Current: Another necessity of an exploration paper point about vitality and environment is that you remain current with the most recent data innovation. Utilizing assets, for example, Microsoft Office, Google Scholar, The Open Directory Project, and others, you can remain current on the most up to date revelations. In addition, remaining ebb and flow makes it simpler to apply the data to your research.</p><p></p><p>Research paper themes about vitality and nature are basic ideas that must be seen completely so as to be fruitful. They don't necessitate that you have a PhD or that you have long stretches of involvement with this field. Or maybe, you simply should be acquainted with the ideas utilized in the field and you have to have a capacity to clarify the data in a way that pulls in light of a legitimate concern for the peruser. With appropriate research paper points about vitality and biology, you will appreciate a compensating research understanding, and you will be effective recorded as a hard copy an exploration paper theme that can have any kind of effect in the world.</p>

The Key to Successful Writing Help Online

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Using College Application Essay Conclusion Samples

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Money and Foreign Exchange

Questions: A US importer will have a net cash outflow of EURO2,500,000 in payment for goods bought in January 2015 (assumed to be 0.25 years away). The importer wishes to hedge this risk to avoid the exchange rate risk and is considering hedging using (i) at the money call options on the pound; (ii) a forward contract and (iii) a combination of calls and puts.The prevailing market data is given below:Market Data (1st October 2014)Spot Exchange Rate = $1.2596/EuroThree month Euro interest rate = 0.1% p.a.Three month US Dollar interest rate = 0.3% p.a.Premium on a May Euro Call Option, Strike = $1.24/Euro = 2.89 cents/EuroPremium on a May Euro Call Option, Strike = $1.26/Euro = 1.72 cents/EuroPremium on a May Euro Call Option, Strike = $1.28/Euro = 0.91 cents/EuroPremium on a May Euro Put Option, Strike = $1.24/Euro = 0.87 cents/EuroPremium on a May Euro Put Option, Strike = $1.26/Euro= 1.70 cents/EuroPremium on a May Euro Put Option, Strike = $1.28/Euro = 2.89 cents/EuroRequired:1. What is meant by covered interest parity? Using the data above calculate a three month forward rate to buy Euros for dollars.2. Explain, using the market data above, how call options on foreign currenct can be used to establish a ceiling price when purchasing foreign currency and how put options can be used to establish a floor price when selling foreign currency.3. Consider, using the market data above, the obligations on the SELLER of each of these calls and puts if the option were to be exercised. Identify the circumstances when the options would be exercised. Answers: 1. Covered Interest Parity Covered Interest Parity is such situation where the interest rate becomes almost equal to currency value of two nations. In such situation, any arbitrage opportunities or return cannot be possible to earn doing trading between the currencies of two countries (Aizenman, J. and Hutchison, M. 2010). As for example, the currency value and interest rate of Country A and Country B are same. The interest rates of Country A and Country B are respectively 10% and 7%. An investor borrows a certain amount in the currency of Country B and he thinks to invest the money in the currency of Country A. So, it is required to convert the money with spot price of Country A. For the repayment of borrowing money, the investor needs to go for a forward back for bringing back the money from the currency of Country A to Country B. At that time, the inventors cannot earn any profit due to existence of covered interest parity. Covered interest parity eradicates the entire profits from the trading of currency (Chandler, M. 2009). Calculation of Forward Rate Forward is the currency exchange rate for future. A commercial bank gives guarantee to exchange the currency of a country to another currency of a country and obviously at a specified future date. It is calculated on the basis of spot price of currency (Chen, J. 2009). Forward can be calculated by using following formula: Where, S is spot exchange rate of two countries. rd is domestic interest rate rf is foreign interest rate Given, Spot Exchange rate is $1.2596/Euro Three months Euro interest rate is 0.1% p.a. Three month US Dollar interest rate is 0.3% p.a. It is assumed that the total number of days in a year is 360 (Croke, L. 2009). So, the forward rate is calculated as follows: =1.2589 Therefore, the three months forward rate of Dollar and Euro is 1.2589. 2. Establishment of Ceiling Price through call options on foreign currency when purchasing Ceiling price is the highest price where buyer has to pay for buying the options. Ceiling price is the highest price limit where sell can charge against an option (Cuhaj, G. 2009). If the ceiling is price is greater than the current spot price than buyer of the call option can exercise the options. Ceiling Price = Strike Price + Premium Strike price is price of a option which is the particular price at which the currency option can be purchased or sold by the possessor or the purchaser of the option contract (Davidson, A. 2009). Usually, the strike price is set which is closer to current spot price. Premium is a price which is paid by the buyer of an option for right to buy or sell the option. The premium price is paid to seller of an option (Dobeck, M. and Elliott, E. 2007). Strike Price Premium Ceiling Price Situation $1.24 0.0289 $1.27/Euro Ceiling Price Spot Price $1.26 0.0172 $1.28/Euro Ceiling Price Spot Price $1.28 0.0091 $1.29/Euro Ceiling Price Spot Price Here, the spot price is $1.2596/Euro. It is observed in the above table that the all the cases have the ceiling price greater than the current spot price of option. So, the buyer may not exercise the option. Establishment of Floor Price through put options on foreign currency when selling Floor price is the lowest price at which seller of the option allows to sold the option. If the floor price is less than current spot price the seller of the put option would not exercise the option (Fabozzi, et al, M. 2002). Floor Price = Strike Price Premium Strike Price Premium Floor Price Situation $1.24 0.0087 $1.23/Euro Floor Price Spot Price $1.26 0.017 $1.24/Euro Floor Price Spot Price $1.28 0.0289 $1.25/Euro Floor Price Spot Price In the above table, it can be seen that the all the case of put options have the floor price is less than the current spot price of option. So, the seller may not exercise the option (Homberg, D. and Troltzsch, F. 2013). 3. Obligations on the Seller of given each calls and puts Seller obligation on call options The obligation of seller is to sell the underlying security if the call option is exercised by the call purchaser on or before the expiry date of option (Jacque, L. 2010). If the spot price is less than equal to exercise price or strike price, the seller only can earn the premium amount from the call option (Landuyt, G. et al R. 2009). When the spot price of currency call option is greater than the strike price or exercise price, the seller may have to bear loss beyond the premium amount (Makin, A. 2009). In case of Spot Price Strike Price, Sellers Payoff for Call Option (US$/Euro) = Premium Price In case of Spot Price Strike Price, Sellers Payoff for Call Option (US$/Euro) = Spot Price - (Strike Price + Premium) Strike Price Premium Spot Price Payoff $1.24 0.0289 $1.2596 ($0.0093) $1.26 0.0172 $1.2596 $0.0172 $1.28 0.0091 $1.2596 $0.0091 According to the above table, it can be observed that the payoff of selling a call option is negative. So, at strike price of $1.24, seller has to bear loss of $0.0093 if it is exercised by the call buyer (Neaime, S. and Colton, N. 2005). At strike price $1.26; the seller can earn the profit equal to premium price $0.0172 if the call holder exercises the option. At strike price $1.28; the seller also can earn only the premium price $0.0172 if it is exercised by the call buyer. Seller obligation on put options The obligation of seller in case of put option is to purchase the underlying security if the pet option is exercised by the put holder on or before expiry date (Rebonato, et al 2009). If the spot price is less than equal to exercise price or strike price of a put option, the seller may earn or may have to bear the loss. The loss or earnings depends on the premium amount of the put option. When, the spot price is greater than the strike price, the seller can earn only the premium amount of put option (Ramaswamy, S. 2011). In case of Spot Price Strike Price, Sellers Payoff for Put Option (US $/Euro) = (Spot Price Strike Price) + Premium In case of Spot Price Strike Price, Sellers Payoff for Put Option (US $/Euro) = Premium Price Strike Price Premium Spot Price Payoff $1.24 0.0087 $1.2596 $0.0087 $1.26 0.017 $1.2596 $0.0166 $1.28 0.0289 $1.2596 $0.0085 In case of strike price of $1.24, the seller can only earn the premium amount ($0.0087) of the put options if it is exercised by the put buyer. In case of strike price of $1.26, the seller can gain more ($0.0166) from selling of put option if it is exercised by the put buyer. In case of strike price of $1.28, the seller can also gain profit of $0.0085 from the selling of put option if it is exercised by the put buyer. Circumstances when the options would be exercised Buyers Payoff for a call option Strike Price Premium Spot Price Payoff $1.24 0.0289 $1.2596 -$0.0093 $1.26 0.0172 $1.2596 -$0.0172 $1.28 0.0091 $1.2596 -$0.0091 The above table describes that, the buyer has to bear loss less at $1.24 among the others strike prices. In case of others strike prices, the buyer can suffer equal to premium price. Buyers Payoff for a put option Strike Price Premium Spot Price Payoff $1.24 0.0087 $1.2596 -$0.0087 $1.26 0.017 $1.2596 -$0.0166 $1.28 0.0289 $1.2596 -$0.0085 According to the above table, it is observed that the buyer can bear loss equal to premium price at strike price $1.24. The highest loss will be at strike price $1.26. The loss is less at strike price $1.28 among the others strike prices (Senders, S. and Truitt, A. 2007). 4. Calculation on market data: Table 1: Price on expiry date Exercise price Premium in cents Pay off Exercise Price Premium in cents Pay off Net Pay Off 1.20 1.25 2.89 (2.89) 1.25 0.87 0.87 (2.02) 1.21 1.25 2.89 (2.89) 1.25 0.87 0.87 (2.02) 1.22 1.25 2.89 (2.89) 1.25 0.87 0.87 (2.02) 1.23 1.25 2.89 (2.89) 1.25 0.87 0.87 (2.02) 1.24 1.25 2.89 (2.89) 1.25 0.87 0.87 (2.02) 1.25 1.25 2.89 (2.89) 1.25 0.87 0.87 (2.02) 1.26 1.25 2.89 0.05 1.25 0.87 (0.01) 0.04 1.27 1.25 2.89 0.07 1.25 0.87 (0.02) 0.05 1.28 1.25 2.89 0.09 1.25 0.87 (0.03) 0.06 1.29 1.25 2.89 0.11 1.25 0.87 (0.04) 0.07 1.30 1.25 2.89 0.14 1.25 0.87 (0.05) 0.09 1.31 1.25 2.89 0.16 1.25 0.87 (0.06) 0.10 1.32 1.25 2.89 0.18 1.25 0.87 (0.07) 0.11 According to the table 1, the research analyst analyses that United States of American importer has hedged his money and the analyst observed that the importer has faced a loss by hedging his portfolio. The total net pay off the U.S. importer is -11.60 in cents (Singh, M. 2010). Table 2: Price on expiry date Exercise price Premium in cents Pay off Exercise Price Premium in cents Pay off Net Pay Off 1.20 1.25 1.72 (1.72) 1.25 1.70 1.70 (0.02) 1.21 1.25 1.72 (1.72) 1.25 1.70 1.70 (0.02) 1.22 1.25 1.72 (1.72) 1.25 1.70 1.70 (0.02) 1.23 1.25 1.72 (1.72) 1.25 1.70 1.70 (0.02) 1.24 1.25 1.72 (1.72) 1.25 1.70 1.70 (0.02) 1.25 1.25 1.72 (1.72) 1.25 1.70 1.70 (0.02) 1.26 1.25 1.72 (0.80) 1.25 1.70 0.53 (0.27) 1.27 1.25 1.72 (0.79) 1.25 1.70 0.52 (0.27) 1.28 1.25 1.72 (0.78) 1.25 1.70 0.51 (0.27) 1.29 1.25 1.72 (0.77) 1.25 1.70 0.50 (0.27) 1.30 1.25 1.72 (0.76) 1.25 1.70 0.49 (0.27) 1.31 1.25 1.72 (0.75) 1.25 1.70 0.48 (0.27) 1.32 1.25 1.72 (0.74) 1.25 1.70 0.47 (0.27) According to the table 2, the research analyst analyses that United States of American importer has hedged his money and the analyst observed that the importer has faced a loss by hedging his portfolio. The total net pay off the U.S. importer is -2.01 in cents (Williams, R. 2011). Table 3: Price on expiry date Exercise price Premium in cents Pay off Exercise Price Premium in cents Pay off Net Pay Off 1.20 1.25 0.91 (0.91) 1.25 2.89 2.89 1.98 1.21 1.25 0.91 (0.91) 1.25 2.89 2.89 1.98 1.22 1.25 0.91 (0.91) 1.25 2.89 2.89 1.98 1.23 1.25 0.91 (0.91) 1.25 2.89 2.89 1.98 1.24 1.25 0.91 (0.91) 1.25 2.89 2.89 1.98 1.25 1.25 0.91 (0.91) 1.25 2.89 2.89 1.98 1.26 1.25 0.91 (0.02) 1.25 2.89 0.04 0.02 1.27 1.25 0.91 (0.01) 1.25 2.89 0.02 0.01 1.28 1.25 0.91 0 1.25 2.89 0 0 1.29 1.25 0.91 0.01 1.25 2.89 (0.02) (0.01) 1.30 1.25 0.91 0.02 1.25 2.89 (0.04) (0.02) 1.31 1.25 0.91 0.03 1.25 2.89 (0.06) (0.03) 1.32 1.25 0.91 0.04 1.25 2.89 (0.08) (0.04) According to the table 3, the research analyst analyses that United States of American importer has hedged his money and the analyst observed that the importer has made a profit by hedging his portfolio. The total net pay off the U.S. importer is 11.85 in cents (Zeldes, S. and Geanakoplos, J. 2009). The research analyst observed that the U.S. importer has made a loss from his portfolio by hedging in different ways. From the above three table i.e., table 1, table, and table 3, the importer has made a loss of (11.6) cents from the table 1, from table 2 the importer has made a loss of (2.01) cents and from table 3 the importer has made a profit of 11.85 cents. But the total net loss made by the importer by hedging is (1.76) cents (Makin, A. 2009). References: Aizenman, J. and Hutchison, M. (2010). Exchange market pressure and absorption by international reserves. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Chandler, M. (2009). Making sense of the dollar. New York: Bloomberg Press. Chen, J. (2009). Essentials of foreign exchange trading. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley. Croke, L. (2009). I'm broke!. St. Catharines, Ont.: Crabtree Pub. Cuhaj, G. (2009). Standard catalog of world paper money. Iola, WI: Krause. Davidson, A. (2009). How the global financial markets really work. London: Kogan Page. Dobeck, M. and Elliott, E. (2007). Money. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Fabozzi, F., Mann, S. and Choudhry, M. (2002). The global money markets. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. Makin, A. (2009). Global imbalances, exchange rates and stabilization policy. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Homberg, D. and Troltzsch, F. (2013). System modeling and optimization. Berlin: Springer. Jacque, L. (2010). Global derivative debacles. Singapore: World Scientific. Landuyt, G., Choudhry, M., Joannas, D., Pereira, R. and Pienaar, R. (2009). Capital market instruments ;Analysis and valuation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Neaime, S. and Colton, N. (2005). Money and finance in the Middle East. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Ramaswamy, S. (2011). Market structures and systemic risks of exchange-traded funds. [Basel, Switzerland]: Bank for International Settlements, Monetary and Economic Dept. Rebonato, R., McKay, K. and White, R. (2009). The SABR/LIBOR market model. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Senders, S. and Truitt, A. (2007). Money. Oxford: Berg. Singh, M. (2010). Collateral, Netting and Systemic Risk in the OTC Derivatives Market. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Makin, A. (2009). Global imbalances, exchange rates and stabilization policy. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Williams, R. (2011). An introduction to trading in the financial markets. Burlington, MA: Academic Press/Elsevier. Zeldes, S. and Geanakoplos, J. (2009). Market Valuation of Accrued Social Security Benefits.. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Chain Gangs And Convict Labor Essay Example For Students

Chain Gangs And Convict Labor Essay chain gangs and convict labor The Truth About Chain Gangs and Convict Labor Jeremy A. Greenfield English 101 Iowa Western Community College 11/16/98 Outline Thesis: From the early chain gangs to the prison industries of today, prisoners have been used as labor in the United States. I. Definition A. Definition of convict labor B. Definition of chain gangs and prison industries II. Chain Gangs A. Early history B. Mid-history C. Decline D. Present E. Curtis Brown III. Convict Labor A. Statistics B. Reasons for C. Reasons against D. Other benefits E. Types of jobs IV. Main Points Restated A. Best arguments for convict labor B. Best arguments against convict labor page 2 page 3 Prisons have been used as the way of punishment in the United States since its beginning. Throughout the history of prisons, convicts have been used as labor. The methods of labor, the number of laborers, and the arguments for or against has constantly been changing. From the early chain gangs to the prison industr ies of today, prisoners have been used as labor in the United States. When people think of chain gangs, they usually think of people in white and black stripes, being forced to work in a harsh environment. This was often true. Employees, also called â€Å"leasees†, were in charge of the inmates. They often treated the inmates brutally. The name â€Å"chain gang† probably comes from the fact that the inmates were chained together at the legs to reduce the chance of escape. (Reynolds 181) Inmates were often controlled by whips and other harsh disciplines and punishments. People argued that the treatment was just because of the increased chance of escape in chain gangs. (Reynolds 182) People also thought that the chain gangs would deter crime, but studies show that they failed to deter. (Brownstein 179) The living conditions were often unsanitary, crowded, and poorly constructed. (Reynolds 182) These bad conditions of the past have given the chain gang an extremely bad ra p. The way people view chain gangs has changed several times throughout their history in the United States. The earliest history of chain gangs holds the cause for the bad views of them. The public sees chain gangs as a racist part of the old South. The first chain gangs began in England and the northern part of the United States during the eighteenth century. (Reynolds 180) Even though chain gangs were legal in almost every state, the South seemed to be the only region using them. Some reasons for this include the bad climate of the North and the public’s thoughts against chain gangs. (Reynolds 183) Another reason why we see the South as the source of chain gangs is because it was the region that needed them the most. The South used chain gangs because after the Civil War there was a labor shortage. The labor shortage and an escalation in crime caused the South to begin leasing out convict labor. (Reynolds 180) It did not take long for convict leasing to spread. After the Ci vil War the South had to rebuild. That is why most of the states in the South had convict labor by 1875. The most common workers of the chain gang were county inmates who worked on the roads. A large amount of repairs was needed to mend the roads that were destroyed during the war. Many convicts were also leased out to farms in the South to replace the slaves who were freed because of the Civil War. (Reynolds 180) The South was still a farming region with many large plantations that needed workers. Southerners were accustomed to having cheap labor so convict labor was thought as a good solution. There seemed to be no concern for welfare of the convicts or the jobs of others. Nobody cared that chain gangs were humiliating and degrading to inmates, which was against the eighth amendment, preventing cruel and unusual punishment. (Brownstein 179) Early chain gangs were used only for economic gain. Convicts made money page 4 which helped to support themselves and were used as cheap labor . Rehabilitation was not a concern back then. (Reynolds 181) Some people did worry about the bad treatment of the convicts. Other people worried that convict labor took jobs from average citizens. During the twenties workers in many jobs had decided to form unions to protect their jobs from bad conditions. The unions that formed in the early twentieth century also opposed the labor of chain gangs. The unions’ concerns and the inhumane treatment caused the downfall of the convict lease system in the South by 1920. (Reynolds 181) Private owners would no longer be able to lease prisoners. During this time period cars and better transportation was becoming important. The old lease system was replaced by the commonly known public works system. The atmosphere of the country during the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† caused chain gangs to be used on roads very often. (Reynolds 181) This revival would soon fall to another problem. During the mid-1930’s the United States went in to a severe depression. When the Great Depression occurred many states passed laws to stop convict labor because it took jobs from the public. (â€Å"Let the Prisoners Work† 14) Jobs were scarce and nobody wanted a convict to take a job. The percent of convicts working dropped dramatically in only four decades. An escaped convict who wrote a book about the chain gang helped show everyone the brutality of the chain gang. This, along with new food-making technology helped cause another demise of the chain gang in the 1940’s. (Reynolds 183) With pressure from labor and business interests, Congress had passed laws which dropped convict labor from eighty-five percent in 1900 to forty-four percent in 1940. (Ingley 28) Those numbers are still remarkably higher than the percentage of today. From the 1940’s to today the percent of prisoners working steadily dropped. The number of prisoners working has dropped from seventy-five percent in 1885 to almost eight percent in 1 995. (â€Å"Let the Prisoners Work† 14) The nineties brought about a new type of thinking over crime and how to punish perpetrators. The public seems to be fed up with crime. Many Americans now believe that prisons are not harsh enough to deter crime. (Reynolds 183) Some people think that chain gangs will deter crime, but studies show that they fail to deter. With longer sentences and more parole restrictions, people are staying in prison longer, causing the population of prisons to quickly grow. (Brownstein 179) Some people may argue though that no matter how harsh prisons become, they will not be able to deter crime. The United States is now trying to bring back chain gangs. (Reynolds 183) There are many reasons why people in the United States want convicts to work. America is tired of paying for prisons and the number of prisoners is growing so much that inmates are having to pay for their prison stays. That is why â€Å"Prisons extract money from their inmates by chargin g for court costs, imposing medical co-payments, seizing prisoners assets, garnishing prisoners wages, and pursuing former prisoners for the cost of their incarceration.† (Paventi 26) Prison officials were surveyed and were found to believe that inmate work programs should be increased by 166 percent and that inmates should pay at least three times more for their stay. (Ingley 28) It costs a page 5 large amount of money to build more room for the increasing number of prisoners and the staff needed to watch them. Statistics show that the prison population is growing faster than ever. The population in prisons today is three-hundred percent more than it was in the seventies. (Selke 1) Another statistic shows that the rate of increase is going to continue to grow. â€Å"By the year 2002 the inmate population is expected to increase by another 43 percent.† (M. O. Reynolds 58) Just the last eight years has shown that the prison population is growing even when crime is going down. The prison population has almost doubled to 1.2 million since 1990. (â€Å"Let the Prisoners Work† 14) The result is an increasing percentage of taxpayers money going to cover the rising population. Prisons cost America twenty-five billion dollars a year which is about two hundred and fifty dollars a year per family. (M. O. Reynolds 58) To some people this proves the need for convict labor and chain gangs, but there are still many reasons against them. Often chain gangs were so unbearable that inmates tried to escape. A Virginia man who escaped from a chain gang in 1956 was caught by bounty hunters. Curtis Brown had served two of his ten year burglary sentence when he escaped on June 5, 1956. Brown could not withstand the cruelty he went through in the chain gang. After the escape he tried to live a normal life. The man had changed his name and began raising a family with three children. When the bounty hunters caught him, Brown had already been caught the prior year bu t had escaped. He seemed to have a bad habit of trying to escape his punishment. He was caught last year, but fled on bond. (Johnson 20) Those people that argue prisons are not harsh enough, do not consider how much some people suffer. Brown is hurt from asthma and high blood pressure. He also is missing a kidney after being a victim of a mugging twenty years ago and he is also sightless in one eye. His family is worried that the seventy-five year old man will die in prison. (Johnson 20) Corrections cost the United States twenty-five billion dollars a year, which gives a need for inmates to earn wages and help pay for the cost of holding them. The problem is that this may be threatening the jobs of average citizens. (Cohen 76) Even though unemployment is extremely low at this time, people worry that the prison industries will take many jobs from the uneducated and unskilled citizens. By charging inmates for prison-construction costs, the public is happy their taxes are not going to prisoners. â€Å"Tax payers like the idea that we don’t allow prisoners to profit from their crimes,† says Attorney General Frank. (Paventi 26) Something that many people do not know is that once prisons charge inmates for a stay one year, that extra money is automatically deducted from the next budget. Some institutions are finding that it may cost them more to charge inmates for their stay. Some items that prisoners need, they have to pay for. American prisoners usually have to pay for their own toiletries, under wear, socks, cigarettes, and stationery. They also have to buy more food than what they are served just to live. (Paventi 26). Some items like the cigarettes can be extremely expensive to get in prisons. This has created severe problems of corruption in some prisons. page 6 A new way that some states are trying to save tax dollars is to charge for all court costs. In Virginia if someone loses a jury trial, he or she must pay for the whole trial. (Paventi 26) A man named Kenneth Stewart owes $57,756.20 for his trial. (Paventi 27) He needs some teeth pulled too, which he must also pay for. (Paventi 26) This proves that inmates have to work. Since the inmates are not protected by most laws they can be paid extremely low wages. The amount of money inmates are paid is much lower than minimum-wage. At the Minnesota correctional facility, entry-level workers take home about forty cents per hour. (Cohen 76) With such low pay prisoners have to work long hours to be able to afford the expensive items that they need to live. The biggest concern with convict labor is whether or not it takes average citizens’ jobs. Many people worry that convict labor will take jobs, but many of the tasks prisoners do, will not affect American jobs. People worry about a few million prisoners getting jobs while over twenty-seven million people on welfare are being forced to find jobs and nobody seems to worry about them. (Paventi 27) Most people do not realiz e unemployment is low at this time. Some benefits for allowing prisoners to work include: enhanced mental health, reduced violence, more family support, preserved marriages, and increased restitution to the victims of crime. (â€Å"Let the Prisoners Work† 14) Another good fact is that only 6.6 percent of convicts who worked in prisons had their parole revoked or were charged with a crime during their first year of release. (M. O. Reynolds 58) This is lower than the 10.1 percent of rearrest of prisoners who did not work in prison. (M. O. Reynolds 58) Alabama’s commisioner for prisons believes the prison industries has made a â€Å"life of luxury† for the inmates. She thinks a prison should be more harsh so it will deter future crimes. The problem is that prisoners who do not work lose any hope and are more likely to be hostile and later be rearrested. (Brownstein 179) Many experts agree with this view. Ron Humphrey said that â€Å"prisoners need to work so they will not go nuts†. Minnesota had one of the lowest rates of prison violence in the nation when the inmates were working. (â€Å"Let the Prisoners Work† 14) Maybe if we concentrate on keeping the prisoners from returning, we would not have to worry about our jobs being taken. Sometimes prison labor is not a good idea. Some issues like security problems, high turnover, lack of skills, poor work habits and remote prison locations can make prison labor more expensive. (M. O. Reynolds 58) Another problem includes prejudices. Chain gangs are supposed to be well integrated, but in Alabama it is common for a chain gang to be ninety percent black. (Brownstein 179) The prison commissioner of Alabama thought about putting women in chain gangs after male inmates filed a federal lawsuit claiming discrimination. (â€Å"Great Moments in Penology† 207) She almost lost her job because nobody else wanted women on chain gangs. One way people are trying to stop chain gangs is to pro ve that they are unconstitutional. Some people believe that chain gangs are humiliating and degrading page 7 to inmates, which is against the eighth amendment, preventing cruel and unusual punishment. (Brownstein 179) Many prisoners are illiterate and have lower Intelligence Quotients (IQ), which poses a problem. Some of the jobs that inmates would do require a higher intelligence. Most people in prisons did not make it far in school so they do not know how to do much. Some prisoners with high IQ’s including counterfeiters, kidnappers, and drug smugglers may be alright though. (M. O. Reynolds 58) The jobs inmates do vary, but long hours seems to be common. Last year in Alabama over seven hundred medium security prisoners were forced to work ten hours a day breaking rocks and picking up trash along highways. If they are disobedient they are handcuffed to a post with their arms raised in the air. (Brownstein 179) A prisoner named Ron Humphey works an eight-hour day as a compute r-systems manager and then works another four hours after dinner. (â€Å"Let the Prisoners Work† 14) This is much better than sitting around doing nothing to him. When most prisoners work they feel at least some sense of worth, which raises their spirit. For a long time prisoners have worked, but most of their labor was for the government of nonprofit agencies. This was done to prevent competition between inmates and the American public. That is why prisoners are known for producing license plates. Currently there are enough people making license plates so other jobs are needed. Some major companies are involved in the one-hundred plus companies that have thousands of inmate employees in twenty-nine states. (Cohen 76) The jobs that prisoners now do varies greatly. â€Å"Inmates in South Carolina make lingerie for Victoria’s Secret and graduation gowns for Jostens.† Prisoners also wrap software for Microsoft and make electronic circuit boards for IBM. (Cohen 76) Research has shown that the imprisonment rates vary from state to state and among the many different countries. This causes people to wonder what is being done different. (Selke 4) Nobody can seem to figure out what is best for our prison system. There is no clear answer to whether or not the United States should have convict labor. There are several reasons that suggest we should have convict labor including: the good emotional effect working has on inmates, the money taxpayers save because inmates can pay for their stay, and the easier ability for inmates to find jobs after prison. There are also many reasons to not have convict labor like: the chance that convict labor will take jobs from average citizens, convict labor may actually cost more, and the corruption and prejudice involved. This issue will continue to be argued each year as prisons continue to grow. BibliographyWorks Cited Brownstein, Rhonda. â€Å"Chain Gangs are Cruel and Unusual Punishment.† Corrections Toda y. (April, 1996): 179. Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Cohen, Warren. â€Å"Need Work? Go to Jail.† US News and World Report. December 9, 1996: 76-77 â€Å"Great Moments in Penology.† Fortune. (May 27, 1996): 207. Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Ingley, Gwen Smith. â€Å"Inmate Labor: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.† Corrections Today. (February 1996): 28-31. Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Johnson, John H. â€Å"Man Who Escaped Virginia Chain Gang Back in Jail After 42 Years.† Jet. April 13, 1998: 20 â€Å"Let the Prisoners Work: Crime Doesn’t Pay, But Prison Labor Can Benefit Everyone.† Christianity Today. (February 9, 1998): 14. Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Paventi, Christian. â€Å"Pay Now, Pay Later: States Impose Prison Peonage.† . The Progressive. (July 1996): 26-30. Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Reynolds, Marylee N. â€Å"Back on the Chain Gang.† Corrections Today. (April 1996): 180-184. Proquest. Online. Inte rnet. 1998 Reynolds, Morgan O. â€Å"The Economics of Prison Industries: The Products of Our Prison.† Vital Speeches of the Day. (November 1, 1996): 58. Proquest. Online. Internet. 1998 Selke, William L. Prisons in Crisis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1993. page 8 Social Issues Blance DuBois Essay